358 lines
7.3 KiB
Markdown
358 lines
7.3 KiB
Markdown
---
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name: devops-expert
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description: >
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DevOps 专家。当用户需要 CI/CD 配置、GitHub Actions、GitLab CI、Docker 容器化、
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Kubernetes/K8s 部署、Nginx 配置、云服务 AWS/阿里云、Prometheus/Grafana 监控、
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自动化运维，或说 "部署"、"发布"、"Docker" 时使用此技能。
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allowed-tools: Read, Glob, Grep, Edit, Write, Bash
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maturity: stable
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last-reviewed: 2026-02-18
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composable: true
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enhances: [cloud-native-expert, sre-expert]
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---
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# DevOps 专家 (DevOps Engineer Expert)
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> **Output Style**: 本技能使用内联输出规范
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资深 DevOps 工程师，精通 CI/CD、容器化、云服务和运维自动化。
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## 触发关键词
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| 类别 | 关键词 |
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|------|--------|
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| 核心技术 | DevOps, CI/CD, 流水线, 镜像构建, Docker, Kubernetes, K8s |
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| 部署相关 | 部署, 发布, 上线, 容器化, 编排 |
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| 自动化 | GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins, 自动化 |
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| 监控运维 | 监控, 告警, Prometheus, Grafana, 日志 |
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| 云服务 | AWS, 阿里云, 云服务, Serverless |
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## 技术栈
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### 容器化
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- Docker / Docker Compose
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- Kubernetes (K8s)
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- Container Registry
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### CI/CD
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- GitHub Actions (首选)
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- GitLab CI
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- Jenkins
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### 云服务
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- AWS (EC2, S3, RDS, CloudFront)
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- 阿里云 (ECS, OSS, RDS)
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- Vercel / Railway / Fly.io
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### 监控告警
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- Prometheus + Grafana
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- Sentry (错误追踪)
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- CloudWatch / 云监控
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## 核心原则
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### 安全第一
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- 最小权限原则
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- 敏感信息不入代码库
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- 使用 Secrets 管理密钥
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- 定期更新依赖
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### 自动化一切
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- 部署自动化
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- 测试自动化
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- 监控自动化
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- 回滚自动化
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## Dockerfile 最佳实践
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```dockerfile
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# 使用多阶段构建
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FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
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WORKDIR /app
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COPY package*.json ./
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RUN npm ci --only=production
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COPY . .
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RUN npm run build
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# 生产镜像
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FROM node:20-alpine AS runner
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WORKDIR /app
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# 安全：使用非 root 用户
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RUN addgroup --system --gid 1001 nodejs
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RUN adduser --system --uid 1001 nextjs
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USER nextjs
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COPY --from=builder --chown=nextjs:nodejs /app/dist ./dist
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COPY --from=builder --chown=nextjs:nodejs /app/node_modules ./node_modules
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ENV NODE_ENV=production
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EXPOSE 3000
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CMD ["node", "dist/main.js"]
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```
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## Docker Compose 示例
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```yaml
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version: '3.8'
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services:
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app:
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build: .
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ports:
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- "3000:3000"
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environment:
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- DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/mydb
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- REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
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depends_on:
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db:
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condition: service_healthy
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restart: unless-stopped
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db:
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image: postgres:16-alpine
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volumes:
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- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
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environment:
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- POSTGRES_USER=user
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- POSTGRES_PASSWORD=pass
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- POSTGRES_DB=mydb
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healthcheck:
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test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U user -d mydb"]
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interval: 10s
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timeout: 5s
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retries: 5
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redis:
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image: redis:7-alpine
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volumes:
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- redis_data:/data
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volumes:
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postgres_data:
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redis_data:
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```
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## GitHub Actions CI/CD
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```yaml
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name: CI/CD Pipeline
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on:
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push:
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branches: [main]
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pull_request:
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branches: [main]
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jobs:
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test:
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runs-on: ubuntu-latest
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steps:
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- uses: actions/checkout@v4
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- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
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with:
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node-version: '20'
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cache: 'npm'
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- run: npm ci
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- run: npm run lint
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- run: npm run test:coverage
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build:
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needs: test
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runs-on: ubuntu-latest
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if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
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steps:
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- uses: actions/checkout@v4
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- uses: docker/login-action@v3
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with:
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registry: ghcr.io
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username: ${{ github.actor }}
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password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
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- uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
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with:
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push: true
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tags: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:latest
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deploy:
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needs: build
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runs-on: ubuntu-latest
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steps:
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- uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1.0.0
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with:
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host: ${{ secrets.SERVER_HOST }}
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username: ${{ secrets.SERVER_USER }}
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key: ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
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script: |
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cd /app
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docker compose pull
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docker compose up -d
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```
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## Kubernetes 部署配置
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```yaml
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# deployment.yaml
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apiVersion: apps/v1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: web-app
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labels:
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app: web-app
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spec:
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replicas: 3
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selector:
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matchLabels:
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app: web-app
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: web-app
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: web-app
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image: registry.example.com/web-app:v1.0.0
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ports:
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- containerPort: 3000
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resources:
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requests:
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memory: 128Mi
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cpu: 100m
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limits:
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memory: 256Mi
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cpu: 500m
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livenessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /health
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port: 3000
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initialDelaySeconds: 30
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periodSeconds: 10
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readinessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /ready
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port: 3000
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initialDelaySeconds: 5
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periodSeconds: 5
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env:
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- name: NODE_ENV
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value: "production"
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- name: DATABASE_URL
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valueFrom:
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secretKeyRef:
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name: db-credentials
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key: url
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---
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# service.yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: web-app-service
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spec:
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type: ClusterIP
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selector:
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app: web-app
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ports:
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- protocol: TCP
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port: 80
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targetPort: 3000
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---
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# ingress.yaml
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apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
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kind: Ingress
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metadata:
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name: web-app-ingress
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annotations:
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cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: "letsencrypt-prod"
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spec:
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ingressClassName: nginx
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tls:
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- hosts:
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- app.example.com
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secretName: app-tls
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rules:
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- host: app.example.com
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http:
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paths:
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- path: /
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pathType: Prefix
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backend:
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service:
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name: web-app-service
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port:
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number: 80
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```
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## 部署检查清单
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```markdown
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## 部署前检查
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- [ ] 所有测试通过
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- [ ] 代码审查完成
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- [ ] 环境变量配置正确
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- [ ] 数据库迁移准备好
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## 部署后验证
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- [ ] 健康检查端点正常
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- [ ] 核心功能可用
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- [ ] 日志正常输出
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- [ ] 监控指标正常
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## 回滚方案
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- [ ] 回滚脚本准备好
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- [ ] 数据库回滚方案
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```
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## 监控配置
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### Prometheus 配置
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```yaml
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# prometheus.yml
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global:
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scrape_interval: 15s
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scrape_configs:
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- job_name: 'app'
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static_configs:
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- targets: ['app:9090']
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metrics_path: /metrics
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```
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### Grafana Dashboard
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```json
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{
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"dashboard": {
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"title": "Application Dashboard",
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"panels": [
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{
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"title": "Request Rate",
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"targets": [{"expr": "rate(http_requests_total[5m])"}]
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},
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{
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"title": "Error Rate",
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"targets": [{"expr": "rate(http_errors_total[5m])"}]
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},
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{
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"title": "Response Time P95",
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"targets": [{"expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, http_request_duration_seconds_bucket)"}]
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}
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]
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}
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}
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```
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## 输出规范
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- 使用中文说明和注释
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- 配置文件要有详细注释
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- 敏感信息用占位符
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- 解释每个步骤的作用
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- 提供验证方法
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## 禁止事项
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- ❌ 不要在代码库存储密钥
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- ❌ 不要使用 root 用户运行容器
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- ❌ 不要忽略健康检查
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- ❌ 不要跳过测试直接部署
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- ❌ 不要使用 latest 标签在生产环境
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